Фразовые глаголы уже не одно десятилетие привлекают внимание лингвистов, занимающихся как теорией, так и методикой преподавания английского языка. Несмотря на постоянно растущее количество публикаций, посвященных фразовым глаголам, в настоящее время существует много неразрешенных проблем, связанных с данным лексико-грамматическим явлением.

По крайней мере, в одном лингвисты сходятся во взглядах: фразовые глаголы – неотъемлемая черта современного английского языка. Более того, роль фразовых глаголов в лексическом фонде английского языка постоянно возрастает. Говоря о языковой ситуации в современной Англии, можно отметить значительный рост числа фразовых глаголов, которые, наряду с устойчивыми фразами и номинативными комплексами, приводят к увеличению степени идиоматичности английского языка.

Под фразовым глаголом мы понимаем продукт особого способа словообразования, характерного исключительно для глаголов и заключающегося в прибавлении к базовому глаголу послелога, что соответственно приводит к появлению нового лексического значения; образованные при этом сочетания (фразовые глаголы) рассматриваются как единые структуры.

В современном английском языке послелоги вступают в очень большое число сочетаний разных типов. Число сочетаний, одним из компонентов которых является послелог, непрерывно возрастало в английском языке с начала новоангликанского периода и продолжает расти. В современном английском языке особенно велико количество сочетаний послелога с глаголами. Их число неуклонно растет. Об этом свидетельствуют книги, словари, посвященные фразовым глаголам и их употреблению. Наряду с увеличением числа, растет и частота их использования. Это свидетельствует о том, что они выполняют нужную функцию, благодаря большей сжатости и в то же время большей выразительности.

Фразовые глаголы широко используются не только в разговорном английском языке. Многие из таких глаголов стали неотъемлемой частью языка газет, юриспруденции и экономики. Это объясняется тем, что многие фразовые глаголы с течением времени изменили «свое лицо», то есть перешли из одного стилистического пласта в другой, обрели новые значения и утратили старые. Некоторые фразовые получили более частое употребление, чем «простые» глаголы, являющиеся их синонимами.

Данная работа является попыткой рассмотреть 13 наиболее распространенных в английском языке фразовых глаголов: to come, to break, to look, to run, to put, to turn, to give, to get, to take, to go, to cut, to carry, to bring, объяснить их значение, закрепить теоретический материал в упражнениях.

Цель работы – в доступной форме познакомить учащихся с обозначенной темой и закрепить изученный материал в разнообразных заданиях. В пособие включены пять различных видов упражнений: замена выделенного выражения синонимичным фразовым глаголом, подбор недостающего предлога в отдельном предложении или в связном тексте, тестовые задания и перевод с русского языка на английский. К упражнениям прилагаются ключи с ответами, которые позволят проконтролировать, насколько хорошо студенты усвоили материал

Part 1.

To come

About: to take place, to happen It’s difficult to explain how this quarrel came about

Across: to meet or find sb or sth by chance In the shop he came across his wife

At, up: to approach Christmas is coming up soon

Back on: to return I’ve just come back from Paris

By: to get, to obtain A good job like that is hard to come by

Down: to reduce itself A quarrel finally came down to different questions.

In: to become fashion, to begin to be used Women suits came in after Coco Chanel.

Into: to inherit He came into a lot of money when his father died

Off = about

Out: to be formally introduced In the 18^th century girls came out when they were 18

Over: to take control; to happen to A sudden fit of anger came over him.

What has come over him?

Round: to visit You should come round for dinner one evening and I’ll give you the list of all the employment agencies of our town.

To: to wake up after being unconscious I fainted, but came to myself very soon.

to reach sth A new political party has come to power.

To break

Down: to stop working (of cars, engines…) My car broke down so I took it away.

Into: to enter a place by force Thieves broke into while the family was away.

Off: to stop suddenly When Jane came in, she broke off Linda’s talk with me.

Out: to begin suddenly Fire broke out after the earthquake.

Out of: to escape from a prison or similar place We’ve thought over the plan to break out of jail.

Through: to be successful after overcoming a difficulty

She failed many times, but finally she broke through to pass her entrance exams.

Up: to stop for holidays; to end (a fight etc.) We are going to break up for holidays in a few days.

The army is on hand to break up any demonstrations against the regime.

With: to separate yourself from He broke with the Democratic party on the question of civil rights

To look

After: to take care of Please, look after my child when I am away.

Back: to review the past David looked back on his early struggles and felt happy.

Down on (upon): to think of (a person or a thing) as less good or important Ann likes tennis but she looks down on football as too rough.

For: to try to find, to search for I spent all day looking for a job

Forward to: to expect smth with pleasure She was looking forward to that evening’s day.

Out: to take care, to be careful (usually used as a command or warning)

«Look out for the train!» – the sign at the railroad warned

Up: to check; to look for name, word … It’s a good habit to look up new words in a dictionary

Up to: to think of(someone) as a good example to copy Mr.Smith had taught for many years, and all the students looked up to him

To run

After: to chase The ball rolled away and the children ran after it

Away: to leave and not plan to come back The warned the thieve not to run away

Into: to meet sb by chance; to join (mix) with; to reach an amount of several hundred, thousand I ran into my friend yesterday.

A lot of small rivers run into the Volga.

Out of: to have no more of We have run out of milk – go to the shop and buy some.

Over: to drive over At nights cars often run over small animals.

Exercises for Part 1.

Exercise I

Use suitable preposition to change underlined expression.

А) To come up, to come back, to come into, to come round, to come across, to come to, to come in.

В) To break off, to break down, to break out, to break up, to break into, to break with.

С) To look for, to look after, to look forward to, to look out, to look up to, to look back, to look down on, to look up.

D) To run out of, to run after, to run away, to run into, to run into, to run over.

Exercise II

Fill in the gaps with proper prepositions.

A) To come (across, back, round, into, up, in, to)

B) To break (down, into, out, up, off, with)

C) To look (after, for, forward to, up, back, down on, out, up to)

D) To run (into, out of, after, over, away, into)

Exercise III

Choose the correct answer.

A) To come

1. Jane’s birthday is … soon. We have to look for a great present.

2. Several trees … in last night’s storm.

3. We … this wonderful little restaurant in the corner of the street.

4. Wait for me! I’ll … in a few minutes.

5. The book … two weeks ago.

6. The machinery … use in the 19^th century.

7. He … the possession of the farm when his uncle died.

B) To break

1. The principal … when that posh lady wearing fur – coat entered the room.

2. This terrible plane crash took place because the engines of the plane … .

3. He … my life like stormy wind.

4. Alice … her husband because he was extremely rude.

5. In Moscow University vacation … too late last year.

6. War … in 1812.

7. I was happy after having … the examinations.

8. It’s noteworthy that few prisoners manage to …places they are kept in.

C) To look

1. I’m … a suitable hotel. Could you suggest one?

2. He … me and didn’t want to join a gym in my company.

3. Every year children … their holidays coming.

4. Who will … the cat when you are out?

5. Never …, you can’t relieve the past.

6. Every child needs someone to … and copy.

D) To run

1. I don’t like her very much. She is annoying and always … people.

2. I … flour when I was cooking your favorite apple pie.

3. Do you know who I … in the club – Sasha! I haven’t seen her for ages.

4. "…! I don’t want to see you after everything that has happened!”

5. The old lady fell seriously ill after being … by the car.

6. I have … a sport club.

Exercise IV

Translate from Russian into English.

A)

B)

C)

D)