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 Russia's
parliament, which is called the Federal Assembly, consists of a
450-member lower house known as the State Duma and a 178-member
upper house called the Federation Council. |
Speaking
about
art galleries of Moscow we must
mention the most famous galleries. The State
Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture galleries in
Russia. It takes its name from its founder Pavel Tretyakov, a
Moscow merchant. |
It is not known
when Moscow was first settled. The first recorded reference to
the town is in an early Russian historical chronicle under the
year 1147. At that time, Moscow was a possession of Yuri
Dolgoruky, a Russian prince who ruled the surrounding region.
The town lay on important land and water trade routes, and it
grew and prospered. |
Moscow is the
capital of Russian Federation, the biggest state in the World,
It is a political, economic, commercial and cultural centre of
the country. |
Many scientists
divide Russia into four zones according to soil conditions and
plant life, which are based mainly on climate. The zones form
broad belts across Russia, and no sharp transitions separate
them. From north to south, the zones are (1) the tundra, (2) the
forest zone, (3) the steppes, and (4) the semi-desert and
mountainous zone. |
Moscow is
governed by a City Soviet (City Council) of about 500 deputies
elected to five-year terms. Each deputy represents an election
district called a ward. |
At the heart of
the city stands the Kremlin. This old fortress was the centre of
the Soviet Union's government until that nation was dissolved in
1991. Since then, it has been the centre of the Russian
government. Inside its walls, which extend almost 11.2 miles
(2.4 kilometres), are beautiful cathedrals and palaces, as well
as government buildings. |
Red Square lies
just outside the Kremlin walls. This large plaza, about 1/4 mile
(0.4 kilometre) long, took its name in Russian from an old word
meaning both beautiful and red. |
Moscow has about
75 institutes of higher education. Two of them are
universities — Moscow State University and the Russian
University of People's Friendship. |
There are over 40
institutions of higher learning in St. Petersburg. Of St.
Petersburg University, with about 20,000 students, is one of
Russia's largest universities. |
Moscow
has long
been a centre of Russian and world culture. The Bolshoi Theatre
presents operas and ballets. The Bolshoi Ballet has become
internationally known and admired. Dancers from all over the
country are trained at the Bolshoi Theatres school. |
There are two
Washingtons in the USA. First Washington is a state in the
Pacific Northwest of the United States, the state named after
George Washington, the first President of the United States. The
state capital is Olympia, and the largest city is Seattle. The
second Washington is the capital of the United States of
America. |
Washington sprang
out of a marshy wilderness. It's named after George Washington,
the first President of the United States. Washington is situated
on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The District
of Columbia is outside the jurisdiction of any state and
subjects only to the control of the Federal Congress. |
The economic and
social complexion of life in the United States mirrors the
nation's extraordinary mobility. A pervasive transportation
network has helped bring together in the vast geographic expanse
of the country a surprisingly homogeneous and close-knit social
and economic environment. |
The
differences
among Americas traditional regions, or culture areas, tend to be
slight and shallow as compared with such areas in most older,
more stable countries. The nature of interregional differences
can be ascribed to the relative newness of American settlement,
a perpetually high degree of mobility, a
superb communications system, and the galloping centralisation
of economy and government. |
Americans eat
a
lot. They have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Most of
Americans
don't eat home but prefer to go to restaurants. They can choose
from many kind of restaurants. There is a great number of ethnic
restaurants in the United States. Italian, Chinese and Mexican
food is very popular. |
After its 200th
birthday the United States of America still holds the leading
position in the western world. A country that has inspired many
names - "Land of Opportunity", "Meeting Pot", "God's Country" is
still referred to as land of superlatives - "the richest", "the
greatest", "the most". |
The Congress of
the United States is composed of two houses: the Senate and the
House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states. Each
state is guarantied at least one representative in the House. The
remainder are apportioned among the states according to their
population. |
The United
States
of America stretches from Atlantic Ocean across North America
and far into the Pacific. Because of
such a
huge size of the country the climate differs from one part of
the country to another. The coldest climate is in the northern
part, where there is heavy snow in winter and the temperature
may go down to 40 degrees below zero. |
The United States
of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after
Russia, Canada, and China). It occupies the southern part of
North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic
Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the
Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a
half million square kilometres. |
The United States
is the worlds greatest economic power, measured in terms of
gross national product (GNP). The nations wealth is partly a
reflection of its rich natural resources and its enormous
agricultural output, but it owes more to the country's highly
developed industry. |
The unprecedented
outward sprawl of American urban settlement has created some
novel settlement forms, for the quantitative change has been so
great as to induce qualitative transformation. |
Do you want
to be
President of the United States of America? Maybe you can apply
for the post. Answer these
three questions. Are you a US citizen? Are you thirty-five years
old or older? Have you been a resident of the United States for
fourteen years or longer? |
By the US
Constitution the government of the nation is entrusted to three
separate authorities: the Executive, the Legislative and the
Judicial. The executive power is vested in the President, who
holds his office during the term of four years, and is elected
together with the Vice-President. |
California is
located in the southwestern part of the USA. It is estimated to
be the richest state of the USA that is why it is also called
the Golden State. |
The fifty states
have joined to make one nation. The United States did not always
have fifty states. At first there were thirteen. As the United
States grew, more states joined the union. The last two states
to join were Alaska and Hawaii. They both joined in 1959. |
In the federal
system there are 90 District Courts presided over by a district
judge, which hear criminal cases involving breaches of federal
law and civil cases on federal matters (disputes between states,
non-payment of federal taxes, etc). |
Christopher
Columbus discovered America in 1492. He was born in Italy. His
father and both grandfathers were cloth makers. Columbus was a
seaman and made many sea voyages. |
The American
Constitution is based on the doctrine of the separation of
powers between the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The
respective government institutions — the Presidency, Congress,
and the Courts — were given limited and specific powers; and a
series of checks, whereby each branch of government has certain
authority over the others to make sure these powers were not
abused. |
Americas heavy
industry depends upon three resources: iron ore from the Lake
Superior area, coal from western Pennsylvania, and
transportation across the Great Lakes District. |
The "Stars and
Stripes" is a popular name for the red, white and blue flag of
the United States. Another popular name is the "Star Spangled
Banner". This is also the name of the National Anthem of the
United States. |
Almost in every
culture in the world there is a celebration of thanks for rich
harvest. The American Thanksgiving began as a feast of
thanksgiving almost four hundred years ago. |
Texas is the 28th
American state, which is situated in the south of the country
and could be denoted as the southeast continental part of the
USA. Texas has border with other USA states: Arkansas, Oklahoma,
New Mexico and Louisiana. The State is washed by the Gulf of
Mexico. |
The Statue of
Liberty National Monument officially celebrated her 100th
birthday on October 28,1986. The people of France gave the
Statue to the people of the United States one hundred and
seventeen years ago in recognition of the friendship established
during the American Revolution. |
San Francisco is
a special place, very different from most American cities. It
lies on a small finger of land with the Pacific Ocean on one
side and a huge harbour on the other. San Francisco's population
is only about 700 000 but it is the biggest business centre in
the west of the USA. |
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